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The purpose of this study is to consider the complementarity of ethics and law with regard to the problem of their common existence in society through the identification of common and different characteristics in the philosophy of I. Kant.

This study is based on the observation that in modern society ethics and law remain the main social regulators and their co-existence requires the definition of their interaction and complementarity. Also, as this problem is closely related to issues of freedom and obligation, it is necessary to show their role in ethics and law.

The results show that the complementarity of ethics and law is due to the obligation that unites them, and the categorical imperative is the only postulate of ethics and the rights to execute, which allows a person to always remain worthy of his name. Ethics also has the meaning of legal capacity, and law means the recognition of people moral independence by public authorities. Thus, the law must protect a person not only from arbitrariness on the part of other people but also from the state power.

This paper uses a philosophical approach, the utility of which is that ethics and law are studied as elements of normative regulation system of the society in terms of the phenomenal and noumenal nature of a man. It is proposed to consider ethics and law not only as different social regulators, which have their own specifics but also as complementary elements of a single social being, which should exist together and not attempt to substitute one another.

The purpose of this paper is to determine relation between marketing expenses and bank’s financial position. Factor and cluster analyses were applied to unify different financial variables into financial clusters. Each cluster has specific long-term and short-term financial position and is allocated to appropriate rating position of new rating system. Using rating positions, it is possible to determine whether overall bank position is fragile or stable, and which financial position is vulnerable. Comparing marketing expenses with financial positions, it is possible to evaluate how effectively banks manage their financial resources, and what impact marketing activity has on the financial position.

Financial statements of Ukrainian banks for last five years are analyzed. Database of financial documents are reviewed. Coefficient, principal components, and hierarchical cluster analyzes are applied to elaborate new rating system. “Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity” and “Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Test” validate input data. Box-and-whisker plots are used to describe graphically interaction between marketing expenses and bank financial positions.

The new rating system describes short-term and long-term bank financial positions. In their marketing activity, Ukrainian banks mostly have uneven distribution of marketing expenses in context of financial positions. Such pattern disrupts long-term stability of Ukrainian banking system. Each financial variable has different impact on marketing activity; however, the correlation level is insignificant. In general, Ukrainian banks do not consider financial positions in marketing planning.

New rating system can be used by the National Bank of Ukraine, the main supervisory bank of Ukraine, to determine fragile banks and to predict their bankruptcy. Banks may use findings to analyze their financial positions and to find optimal marketing expenses.

This paper contributes into the scientific literature in novelty of marketing-finance interaction in the Ukrainian banking system. New rating system of Ukrainian banks considers different aspects of bank financial stability: liquidity level, credit risks, deposit portfolio, and bank’s ability to attract additional financial resources on financial markets. Cluster analysis helps to allocate similar financial factors to different clusters and to evaluate financial risks in conjunction. As legal regulations concerning banking market, are also considered, the rating system can be adjusted to different countries. In addition, marketing expenses are analyzed in context of banks’ financial positions.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether performance measurement moderates the relationship between innovation capability and firm performance.

The study was conducted through a web-based survey in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A total of 311 responses were received from a sample of 2,400 randomly selected SMEs.

Consistent with predictions, the link between innovation capability and firm performance is significant in the presence of performance measurement. Performance measurement can thus be used as a tool for improving the performance of SMEs through innovation capability.

Using the results of this study, practitioners can improve their innovation capability through performance measurement by taking better account of various aspects.

Previous research has studied the effects of performance measurement, but not in the area of innovation management. Previous research has also showed that measurement has positive effects on innovation capability. The present study goes one step further by investigating the impacts of measurement on the relationship of multiple aspects of innovation capability and firm performance.

Cybernetics has an important application in Biology, particularly in explaining how the brain might work. The brain can best be considered as two organs and not one, grey matter and white matter, with different theories to explain the function of each. The current “living transistor theory” seems inadequate to explain the function of neurons which individually appear to feel pleasure and pain and might, therefore, obey some principle of selection of appropriate behaviour similar to that of evolution by natural selection. Finally, any consideration of how the brain treats knowledge demands some clear idea of what knowledge is and how it may be coded in chemical terms.

The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for improving innovation capability through performance measurement in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The development of an organisation’s innovation capability is considered increasingly important in the current literature. Developing such capability is essential, as innovation plays a key role in the survival and growth of organisations. A review of current literature highlights the need for a framework on the development of innovation capability, especially in SMEs.

A literature review was used to form an understanding of previous work in the research area. Previous literature was used to define the key concepts and further to build the conceptual framework.

As a result of the study, a framework for improving innovation capability through performance measurement in SMEs is presented. Key issues that must be addressed are highlighted and discussed.

The paper contains suggestions for improving innovation capability through performance measurement. Using the results of this study, practitioners can enhance their innovation capability by measurement and by taking better account of different situations regarding the development of innovation capability. The framework clarifies the issue of how innovation capability and its determinants can be managed through measurement, and therefore it assists especially SMEs in their attempts to cope with the increasing need for innovation as an asset of their business performance.

There are very few examples in the current literature of frameworks for the issue, especially for SMEs. The role of performance measurement in developing innovation capability is also ignored in the current literature. The paper is relevant for academics, as it clarifies the existing body of knowledge and provides a platform for future research.

Communications regarding this column should be addressed to Mrs. Cheney, Peabody Library School, Nashville, Term. 37203. Mrs. Cheney does not sell the books listed here. They are available through normal trade sources. Mrs. Cheney, being a member of the editorial board of Pierian Press, will not review Pierian Press reference books in this column. Descriptions of Pierian Press reference books will be included elsewhere in this publication.

THE BBC's television services have a longer history than is generally realised. Experiments were going on in 1925 and 1926, broadcasts were being put out as early as 1933 or 1934, and on 2nd November, 1936 the BBC gave Great Britain the world's first regular television service, operating on the 405‐line standard in the Very High Frequency channels.

The purpose of this paper is to present both an analytical and a numerical analysis of the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) rear stagnation-point flow over off-centred deformable surfaces.

The numerical MATLAB solver bvp4c suitable for routine boundary value problem is used for the set of ordinary differential equations reduced from the governing partial differential equations.

Multiple solutions are found for particular eigenvalues. The physical solution is computed by the help of a linear stability analysis. The authors have succeeded in discovering the second solutions, and it is suggested that these solutions are unstable and not physically realisable in practice. The current findings add to a growing body of literature on MHD stagnation-point flow problems. It is also found that the governing parameters have different effects on the flow characteristics.

Even though problems of steady MHD flows have been extensively studied for stagnation-point flows, limited findings can be found on the unsteady MHD rear stagnation-point flow over off-centred deformable surfaces.

The originality of this work is the application of a magnetic field on a time-dependent MHD rear stagnation-point flow over off-centred deformable surfaces.

This paper aims to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al₂O₃/water) in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation over a permeable moving surface.

By choosing appropriate similarity variables, the partial differential equations are transformed into a system of linear equations which are solved by using the boundary value problem solver (bvp4c) in MATLAB. The implementation of stability analysis verifies the achievable result of the first solution which is considered stable while the second solution is unstable.

The findings revealed that the presence of a magnetic field and suction slows down the fluid motion because of the synchronism of the magnetic and electric field occurred from the formation of the Lorentz force. Also, the enhancement of the thermal radiation parameter escalates the heat transfer rate of the current study.

The present study is addressing the problem of MHD flow and heat transfer analysis of a hybrid nanofluid towards a permeable moving surface, with the consideration of the thermal radiation effect. The authors show that in both cases of assisting and opposing flow, there exist dual solutions within a specific range of the moving parameters. A stability analysis approved that only one of the solutions are physically relevant.